The colonial
powers used various
methods or tactics
in imposing their
colonial rule in
Africa. Those methods
depended on nature
of the Africans in
a particular area
and the response
from the Africans. There were
different factors which
determined the method
to be used
in imposing colonial
rule.
FACTORS THAT DETERMINED THE TYPE OF METHOD TO
BE USED
There were
different factors that
determined the type
of method which
was to be
used by colonialists
in imposing their
colonial rule in Africa. Some of these
factors are as
follows
i.
Centralized
states with strong leaders. Some areas
in Africa had
centralized political system
with strong leaders
who were not
ready to accept
colonial rule. In those
areas, colonialists employed military
force and conquest. For examples King Jaja
of Opobo in
Nigeria, Mkwawa of Uhehe
Chiefdom, King Lobengula of
Matebele land etc.
ii.
Traditional
conflicts between Africans. Some African societies had
tribal conflicts with
each others. This made
colonialists to employ
collaboration method where they
sided with one of
the societies in conflict
in order to defeat
the other society. For
example: The Germans collaborated
with the Bena and Sangu
against the Hehe, The
British collaborated with
King Lenana of
Maasai against his
brother Sendeyo, Chief Lewanika
of Rwozi Kingdom
collaborated with the
British against other
parts of Central
Africa which were
a threat to him
etc.
iii.
Weaker
societies. In areas with
weaker societies,
colonialists used treaties
of protection and claimed
to make friendship
between them and
African chiefs. A good example,
By 1885, Kari Peters had already
made twelve treaties
with Chief of Usagara, Uzigua etc.
iv.
Society
problems. Some societies had
various problems like
diseases, drought and shortage
of food. Colonialists decided to
use diplomacy and
collaboration as a method
to impose their
colonial rule.A good example
was the Maasai
under Lenana who
collaborated with the
colonialists due to
rinder pests and drought.
v.
The
Nature of African Society. Some
societies in Africa
were very reluctant and
did not easily
want to be
under colonialists. This made
colonialists to apply the
use of force
and gun boat
diplomacy to intimidate
them. For example, The British
applied gun – boat diplomacy
against King Jaja
of Opobo, The British
also applied this
method in Kenya
to conquer the
Nandi.
THE METHODS USED TO IMPOSE COLONIAL RULE
a) Treaty Making (Diplomacy). Through this
method, African chiefs signed bogus treaties with
Colonial agents deliberately. African chiefs
did not understand
the details of
those treaties something
which led to colonial
rule.
b) Military force (Conquest). This method
was used in
those societies that
attempted to oppose
colonial rule. Many African
societies were not ready
to be under
colonial rule therefore, they were
conquered by the
colonialists by using
military methods. A good example
were the Mandika, Hehe, Yao and the
Nyamwezi
c) Divide and rule technique. It was
a method used
by colonialists to divide
the Africans and
weakening their unity. The
colonialists used the
existing conflicts between Africans so
as to magnify the
differences. The weak societies
were supported by
colonialists against their
rivals, for example, The British
instigated disunity between
the Buganda and
Bunyoro people, The French
created and magnified
disunity between Mandika
people and Toklar
people etc.
d) Gun boat diplomacy. It was
a method aimed
at creating a
sense of fear ( intimidation) among
Africans. Colonialists
exposed their military
weapons publically so
as to create
psychological fear among
Africans and making
them withdraw their
intention of resisting
colonial rule.This was used
to conquer Jaja
of Opobo and
the Nandi by
the British.
e) Collaboration. Through this
method, European allied or
collaborated with a
group of Africans
which could defend their
interest against another
group.In most case, they
allied with weaker
society so as
to occupy the strong society. For
example, this was applied
by the British
who collaborated with
Semei Kakunguru so as
to conquer Eastern
Uganda.
Tags
HISTORY